0.7.3 - ci-build Norway flag

NoDomainVitalSigns - Local Development build (v0.7.3) built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) Build Tools. See the Directory of published versions

Resource Profile: NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulse - Detailed Descriptions

Draft as of 2021-05-01

Definitions for the NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulse resource profile.

Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

0. Observation
2. Observation.extension
SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
  • value @ url
  • 4. Observation.extension:pulseRhythm
    Slice NamepulseRhythm
    Definition

    Regularity of the pulse

    ShortRegularity of the pulse
    Control0..1
    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseRhythm) (Extension Type: Coding)
    6. Observation.extension:confoundingFactor
    Slice NameconfoundingFactor
    Control0..1
    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationConfoundingFactor) (Extension Type: string)
    8. Observation.extension:clinicalDescription
    Slice NameclinicalDescription
    Definition

    Narrative description about the pulse

    ShortNarrative description about the pulse
    Control0..1
    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationClinicalDescription) (Extension Type: Annotation)
    10. Observation.extension:characterOfPulse
    Slice NamecharacterOfPulse
    Definition

    Description of the character of the pulse

    ShortDescription of the character of the pulse
    Control0..1
    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationCharacterOfPulse) (Extension Type: Annotation)
    12. Observation.extension:BodyPosition
    Slice NameBodyPosition
    Definition

    The body position of the subject during the observation.

    ShortThe body position of the subject during the observation.
    Control0..1
    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationHeartRatePulseBodyPosition) (Extension Type: Coding)
    14. Observation.extension:pulseRythmIrregularity
    Slice NamepulseRythmIrregularity
    Definition

    More specific pattern of an irregular pulse

    ShortMore specific pattern of an irregular pulse
    Control0..1
    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseRhythmIrregularity) (Extension Type: Coding)
    16. Observation.partOf
    Comments

    To link an Observation to an Encounter use encounter. See the Notes below for guidance on referencing another Observation.

    18. Observation.code
    20. Observation.code.coding
    Control1..?
    22. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode
    Slice NamePulseSNOMEDCode
    Control0..1
    24. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.system
    Control1..?
    Fixed Valuehttp://snomed.info/sct
    26. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.code
    Control1..?
    Fixed Value78564009
    28. Observation.subject
    TypeReference(Patient, no-basis-Patient)
    30. Observation.focus
    Comments

    Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.

    32. Observation.effective[x]
    Comments

    At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

    [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
    34. Observation.performer
    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.performer. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
    • type @ type
    • 36. Observation.performer:Author
      Slice NameAuthor
      Control0..*
      TypeReference(Practitioner, PractitionerRole, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson, no-basis-Practitioner, no-basis-PractitionerRole)
      38. Observation.performer:organization
      Slice Nameorganization
      Control0..*
      TypeReference(Organization, no-basis-Organization)
      40. Observation.value[x]
      [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x]. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
      • type @ $this
      • 42. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity
        Slice NamevalueQuantity
        Definition

        The rate of the pulse , measured in beats per minute.

        ShortThe rate of the pulse, measured in beats per minute.
        Comments

        An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

        TypeQuantity
        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
        44. Observation.bodySite
        Comments

        Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

        If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.

        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite
        (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite)
        46. Observation.bodySite.coding
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite
        (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite)
        48. Observation.method
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod
        (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod)
        50. Observation.method.coding
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod
        (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod)
        52. Observation.hasMember
        Comments

        When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases.

        54. Observation.derivedFrom
        Comments

        All the reference choices that are listed in this element can represent clinical observations and other measurements that may be the source for a derived value. The most common reference will be another Observation.

        Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

        0. Observation
        Definition

        This profile defines how to represent heart rate observations in FHIR using a standard LOINC code and UCUM units of measure.


        Measurements and simple assertions made about a patient, device or other subject.

        ShortFHIR Heart Rate ProfileMeasurements and simple assertions
        Comments

        Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc. Other resources are used to provide context for observations such as laboratory reports, etc.

        Control0..*
        Is Modifierfalse
        Summaryfalse
        Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
        Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
        dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
        dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
        dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
        dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
        obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
        obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
        vs-2: If there is no component or hasMember element then either a value[x] or a data absent reason must be present. ((component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists()))
        obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
        obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
        2. Observation.implicitRules
        Definition

        A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

        ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
        Comments

        Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

        Control0..1
        Typeuri
        Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        4. Observation.extension
        Definition

        An Extension


        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

        ShortExtensionAdditional content defined by implementations
        Comments

        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

        Control0..*
        TypeExtension
        Is Modifierfalse
        Summaryfalse
        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
        • value @ url
        • 6. Observation.extension:pulseRhythm
          Slice NamepulseRhythm
          Definition

          Regularity of the pulse

          ShortRegularity of the pulse
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseRhythm) (Extension Type: Coding)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          8. Observation.extension:confoundingFactor
          Slice NameconfoundingFactor
          Definition

          Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

          ShortOptional Extensions Element
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationConfoundingFactor) (Extension Type: string)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          10. Observation.extension:clinicalDescription
          Slice NameclinicalDescription
          Definition

          Narrative description about the pulse

          ShortNarrative description about the pulse
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationClinicalDescription) (Extension Type: Annotation)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          12. Observation.extension:characterOfPulse
          Slice NamecharacterOfPulse
          Definition

          Description of the character of the pulse

          ShortDescription of the character of the pulse
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationCharacterOfPulse) (Extension Type: Annotation)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          14. Observation.extension:BodyPosition
          Slice NameBodyPosition
          Definition

          The body position of the subject during the observation.

          ShortThe body position of the subject during the observation.
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationHeartRatePulseBodyPosition) (Extension Type: Coding)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          16. Observation.extension:pulseRythmIrregularity
          Slice NamepulseRythmIrregularity
          Definition

          More specific pattern of an irregular pulse

          ShortMore specific pattern of an irregular pulse
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseRhythmIrregularity) (Extension Type: Coding)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          18. Observation.modifierExtension
          Definition

          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

          Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

          ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
          Comments

          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

          Control0..*
          TypeExtension
          Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
          Summaryfalse
          Requirements

          Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.


          Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          20. Observation.partOf
          Definition

          A larger event of which this particular Observation is a component or step. For example, an observation as part of a procedure.

          ShortPart of referenced event
          Comments

          To link an Observation to an Encounter use encounter. See the Notes below for guidance on referencing another Observation.


          To link an Observation to an Encounter use encounter. See the Notes below for guidance on referencing another Observation.

          Control0..*
          TypeReference(MedicationAdministration, MedicationDispense, MedicationStatement, Procedure, Immunization, ImagingStudy)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Summarytrue
          Alternate NamesContainer
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          22. Observation.status
          Definition

          The status of the result value.

          Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
          Comments

          This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

          Control1..1
          BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatushttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1
          (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1)
          Typecode
          Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Must Supporttrue
          Summarytrue
          Requirements

          Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          24. Observation.category
          Definition

          A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

          ShortClassification of type of observation
          Comments

          In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

          Control10..*
          BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
          (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

          Codes for high level observation categories.

          TypeCodeableConcept
          Is Modifierfalse
          Must Supporttrue
          Summaryfalse
          Requirements

          Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
          • value @ coding.code
          • value @ coding.system
          • 26. Observation.category:VSCat
            Slice NameVSCat
            Definition

            A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

            ShortClassification of type of observation
            Comments

            In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

            Control10..1*
            BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
            (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

            Codes for high level observation categories.

            TypeCodeableConcept
            Is Modifierfalse
            Must Supporttrue
            Summaryfalse
            Requirements

            Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            28. Observation.category:VSCat.coding
            Definition

            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

            ShortCode defined by a terminology system
            Comments

            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

            Control10..*
            TypeCoding
            Is Modifierfalse
            Must Supporttrue
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            30. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.system
            Definition

            The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

            ShortIdentity of the terminology system
            Comments

            The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

            Control10..1
            Typeuri
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Must Supporttrue
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

            Fixed Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            32. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.code
            Definition

            A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

            ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
            Control10..1
            Typecode
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Must Supporttrue
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

            Fixed Valuevital-signs
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            34. Observation.code
            Definition

            Heart Rate.


            Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "name".

            ShortHeart RateType of observation (code / type)
            Comments

            additional codes that translate or map to this code are allowed. For example a more granular LOINC code or code that is used locally in a system.


            All code-value and, if present, component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

            Control1..1
            BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For example codes, see VitalSignshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
            (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

            This identifies the vital sign result type.


            Codes identifying names of simple observations.

            TypeCodeableConcept
            Is Modifierfalse
            Must Supporttrue
            Summarytrue
            Requirements
            1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] code, where the @code SHOULD be selected from ValueSet HITSP Vital Sign Result Type 2.16.840.1.113883.3.88.12.80.62 DYNAMIC (CONF:7301).

            Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

            Alternate NamesName, Test
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            36. Observation.code.coding
            Definition

            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

            ShortCode defined by a terminology system
            Comments

            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

            Control10..*
            TypeCoding
            Is Modifierfalse
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
            • value @ code
            • value @ system
            • 38. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode
              Slice NameHeartRateCode
              Definition

              A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

              ShortCode defined by a terminology system
              Comments

              Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

              Control10..1*
              TypeCoding
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              40. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.system
              Definition

              The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

              ShortIdentity of the terminology system
              Comments

              The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

              Control10..1
              Typeuri
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

              Fixed Valuehttp://loinc.org
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              42. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.code
              Definition

              A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

              ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
              Control10..1
              Typecode
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

              Fixed Value8867-4
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              44. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode
              Slice NamePulseSNOMEDCode
              Definition

              A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

              ShortCode defined by a terminology system
              Comments

              Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

              Control0..1*
              TypeCoding
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              46. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.system
              Definition

              The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

              ShortIdentity of the terminology system
              Comments

              The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

              Control10..1
              Typeuri
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

              Fixed Valuehttp://snomed.info/sct
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              48. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.code
              Definition

              A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

              ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
              Control10..1
              Typecode
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

              Fixed Value78564009
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              50. Observation.subject
              Definition

              The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

              ShortWho and/or what the observation is about
              Comments

              One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

              Control10..1
              TypeReference(Patient, no-basis-Patient, Group, Device, Location)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Must Supporttrue
              Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              52. Observation.focus
              Definition

              The actual focus of an observation when it is not the patient of record representing something or someone associated with the patient such as a spouse, parent, fetus, or donor. For example, fetus observations in a mother's record. The focus of an observation could also be an existing condition, an intervention, the subject's diet, another observation of the subject, or a body structure such as tumor or implanted device. An example use case would be using the Observation resource to capture whether the mother is trained to change her child's tracheostomy tube. In this example, the child is the patient of record and the mother is the focus.

              ShortWhat the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
              Comments

              Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.


              Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.

              Control0..*
              TypeReference(Resource)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              54. Observation.effective[x]
              Definition

              Often just a dateTime for Vital Signs.


              The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. For biological subjects - e.g. human patients - this is usually called the "physiologically relevant time". This is usually either the time of the procedure or of specimen collection, but very often the source of the date/time is not known, only the date/time itself.

              ShortOften just a dateTime for Vital SignsClinically relevant time/time-period for observation
              Comments

              At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.


              At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

              Control10..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-1
              TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period, Timing, instant
              [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Must Supporttrue
              Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

              Alternate NamesOccurrence
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              vs-1: if Observation.effective[x] is dateTime and has a value then that value shall be precise to the day ($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10)
              56. Observation.performer
              Definition

              Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

              ShortWho is responsible for the observation
              Control0..*
              TypeReference(Practitioner, PractitionerRole, Organization, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.performer. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
              • type @ type
              • 58. Observation.performer:Author
                Slice NameAuthor
                Definition

                Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

                ShortWho is responsible for the observation
                Control0..*
                TypeReference(Practitioner, PractitionerRole, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson, no-basis-Practitioner, no-basis-PractitionerRole, Organization)
                Is Modifierfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                60. Observation.performer:organization
                Slice Nameorganization
                Definition

                Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

                ShortWho is responsible for the observation
                Control0..*
                TypeReference(Organization, no-basis-Organization, Practitioner, PractitionerRole, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson)
                Is Modifierfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                62. Observation.value[x]
                Definition

                Vital Signs value are recorded using the Quantity data type. For supporting observations such as Cuff size could use other datatypes such as CodeableConcept.


                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortVital Signs value are recorded using the Quantity data type. For supporting observations such as Cuff size could use other datatypes such as CodeableConcept.Actual result
                Comments

                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.


                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7, vs-2
                TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Must Supporttrue
                Summarytrue
                Requirements
                1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x]. The slices are unordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                • type @ $this
                • 64. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity
                  Slice NamevalueQuantity
                  Definition

                  The rate of the pulse , measured in beats per minute.


                  The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                  ShortThe rate of the pulse, measured in beats per minute.Actual result
                  Comments

                  An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.


                  An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                  Control0..1
                  This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7, vs-2
                  TypeQuantity, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
                  [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements
                  1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).

                  An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  66. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.value
                  Definition

                  The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                  ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                  Comments

                  The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                  Control10..1
                  Typedecimal
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  68. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator
                  Definition

                  How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

                  Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                  Control0..1
                  BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparatorhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1
                  (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                  How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                  Typecode
                  Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                  Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  70. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.unit
                  Definition

                  A human-readable form of the unit.

                  ShortUnit representation
                  Control10..1
                  Typestring
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  72. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.system
                  Definition

                  The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                  ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                  Control10..1
                  This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                  Typeuri
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                  Fixed Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  74. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.code
                  Definition

                  Coded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.


                  A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                  ShortCoded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.Coded form of the unit
                  Comments

                  The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                  Control10..1
                  Typecode
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                  Fixed Value/min
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  76. Observation.dataAbsentReason
                  Definition

                  Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

                  ShortWhy the result is missing
                  Comments

                  Null or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "specimen unsatisfactory".

                  The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Note that an observation may only be reported if there are values to report. For example differential cell counts values may be reported only when > 0. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for null or exceptional values.

                  Control0..1
                  This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-2
                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason
                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                  Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                  TypeCodeableConcept
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summaryfalse
                  Requirements

                  For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  78. Observation.bodySite
                  Definition

                  Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made (i.e. the target site).

                  ShortObserved body part
                  Comments

                  Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

                  If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.


                  Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

                  If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.

                  Control0..1
                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For example codes, see NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySitehttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/body-site
                  (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite)
                  TypeCodeableConcept
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  80. Observation.bodySite.coding
                  Definition

                  A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                  ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                  Comments

                  Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                  Control0..*
                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For codes, see NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite
                  (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite)
                  TypeCoding
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  82. Observation.method
                  Definition

                  Indicates the mechanism used to perform the observation.

                  ShortHow it was done
                  Comments

                  Only used if not implicit in code for Observation.code.

                  Control0..1
                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For example codes, see NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethodhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-methods
                  (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod)
                  TypeCodeableConcept
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Requirements

                  In some cases, method can impact results and is thus used for determining whether results can be compared or determining significance of results.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  84. Observation.method.coding
                  Definition

                  A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                  ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                  Comments

                  Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                  Control0..*
                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For codes, see NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod
                  (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod)
                  TypeCoding
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  86. Observation.hasMember
                  Definition

                  Used when reporting vital signs panel components.


                  This observation is a group observation (e.g. a battery, a panel of tests, a set of vital sign measurements) that includes the target as a member of the group.

                  ShortUsed when reporting vital signs panel componentsRelated resource that belongs to the Observation group
                  Comments

                  When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases.


                  When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below. Note that a system may calculate results from QuestionnaireResponse into a final score and represent the score as an Observation.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeReference(QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence, Vital Signs Profile, Observation)
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  88. Observation.derivedFrom
                  Definition

                  The target resource that represents a measurement from which this observation value is derived. For example, a calculated anion gap or a fetal measurement based on an ultrasound image.

                  ShortRelated measurements the observation is made from
                  Comments

                  All the reference choices that are listed in this element can represent clinical observations and other measurements that may be the source for a derived value. The most common reference will be another Observation.


                  All the reference choices that are listed in this element can represent clinical observations and other measurements that may be the source for a derived value. The most common reference will be another Observation. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeReference(DocumentReference, ImagingStudy, Media, QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence, Vital Signs Profile, Observation)
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  90. Observation.component
                  Definition

                  Used when reporting systolic and diastolic blood pressure.


                  Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

                  ShortUsed when reporting systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Component results
                  Comments

                  For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.


                  For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeBackboneElement
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  vs-3: If there is no a value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
                  92. Observation.component.modifierExtension
                  Definition

                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                  Comments

                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.


                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  94. Observation.component.code
                  Definition

                  Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

                  ShortType of component observation (code / type)
                  Comments

                  All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                  Control1..1
                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from For example codes, see VitalSignshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

                  This identifies the vital sign result type.


                  Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                  TypeCodeableConcept
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  96. Observation.component.value[x]
                  Definition

                  Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.


                  The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                  ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUMActual component result
                  Comments

                  Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.


                  Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                  Control0..1
                  This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-3
                  BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from For codes, see VitalSignsUnits
                  (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/ucum-vitals-common|4.0.1)

                  Common UCUM units for recording Vital Signs.

                  TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
                  [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements
                  1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).

                  An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  98. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
                  Definition

                  Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

                  ShortWhy the component result is missing
                  Comments

                  "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

                  The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

                  Control0..1
                  This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-3
                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason
                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                  Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                  TypeCodeableConcept
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summaryfalse
                  Requirements

                  For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))

                  Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

                  0. Observation
                  Definition

                  This profile defines how to represent heart rate observations in FHIR using a standard LOINC code and UCUM units of measure.

                  ShortFHIR Heart Rate Profile
                  Comments

                  Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc. Other resources are used to provide context for observations such as laboratory reports, etc.

                  Control0..*
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
                  Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
                  dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
                  dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
                  dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
                  dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
                  obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
                  obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
                  vs-2: If there is no component or hasMember element then either a value[x] or a data absent reason must be present. ((component.empty() and hasMember.empty()) implies (dataAbsentReason.exists() or value.exists()))
                  2. Observation.id
                  Definition

                  The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

                  ShortLogical id of this artifact
                  Comments

                  The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the server using a create operation.

                  Control0..1
                  Typeid
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  4. Observation.meta
                  Definition

                  The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content might not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

                  ShortMetadata about the resource
                  Control0..1
                  TypeMeta
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  6. Observation.implicitRules
                  Definition

                  A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

                  ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
                  Comments

                  Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

                  Control0..1
                  Typeuri
                  Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summarytrue
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  8. Observation.language
                  Definition

                  The base language in which the resource is written.

                  ShortLanguage of the resource content
                  Comments

                  Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language of other presentations generated from the data in the resource. Not all the content has to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship between xml:lang and the html lang attribute).

                  Control0..1
                  BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from CommonLanguages
                  (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/languages)

                  A human language.

                  Additional BindingsPurpose
                  AllLanguagesMax Binding
                  Typecode
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summaryfalse
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  10. Observation.text
                  Definition

                  A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource and can be used to represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it "clinically safe" for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety.

                  ShortText summary of the resource, for human interpretation
                  Comments

                  Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have a narrative. In some cases, a resource may only have text with little or no additional discrete data (as long as all minOccurs=1 elements are satisfied). This may be necessary for data from legacy systems where information is captured as a "text blob" or where text is additionally entered raw or narrated and encoded information is added later.

                  Control0..1
                  TypeNarrative
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Alternate Namesnarrative, html, xhtml, display
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  12. Observation.contained
                  Definition

                  These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

                  ShortContained, inline Resources
                  Comments

                  This should never be done when the content can be identified properly, as once identification is lost, it is extremely difficult (and context dependent) to restore it again. Contained resources may have profiles and tags In their meta elements, but SHALL NOT have security labels.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeResource
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Alternate Namesinline resources, anonymous resources, contained resources
                  14. Observation.extension
                  Definition

                  An Extension

                  ShortExtension
                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                  • value @ url
                  • 16. Observation.extension:pulseRhythm
                    Slice NamepulseRhythm
                    Definition

                    Regularity of the pulse

                    ShortRegularity of the pulse
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseRhythm) (Extension Type: Coding)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    18. Observation.extension:confoundingFactor
                    Slice NameconfoundingFactor
                    Definition

                    Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

                    ShortOptional Extensions Element
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationConfoundingFactor) (Extension Type: string)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    20. Observation.extension:clinicalDescription
                    Slice NameclinicalDescription
                    Definition

                    Narrative description about the pulse

                    ShortNarrative description about the pulse
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationClinicalDescription) (Extension Type: Annotation)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    22. Observation.extension:characterOfPulse
                    Slice NamecharacterOfPulse
                    Definition

                    Description of the character of the pulse

                    ShortDescription of the character of the pulse
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationCharacterOfPulse) (Extension Type: Annotation)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    24. Observation.extension:BodyPosition
                    Slice NameBodyPosition
                    Definition

                    The body position of the subject during the observation.

                    ShortThe body position of the subject during the observation.
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationHeartRatePulseBodyPosition) (Extension Type: Coding)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    26. Observation.extension:pulseRythmIrregularity
                    Slice NamepulseRythmIrregularity
                    Definition

                    More specific pattern of an irregular pulse

                    ShortMore specific pattern of an irregular pulse
                    Control0..1
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                    TypeExtension(NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseRhythmIrregularity) (Extension Type: Coding)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    28. Observation.modifierExtension
                    Definition

                    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                    Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                    ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
                    Comments

                    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeExtension
                    Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    30. Observation.identifier
                    Definition

                    A unique identifier assigned to this observation.

                    ShortBusiness Identifier for observation
                    NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                    Control0..*
                    TypeIdentifier
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    32. Observation.basedOn
                    Definition

                    A plan, proposal or order that is fulfilled in whole or in part by this event. For example, a MedicationRequest may require a patient to have laboratory test performed before it is dispensed.

                    ShortFulfills plan, proposal or order
                    Control0..*
                    TypeReference(CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, ServiceRequest)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Allows tracing of authorization for the event and tracking whether proposals/recommendations were acted upon.

                    Alternate NamesFulfills
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    34. Observation.partOf
                    Definition

                    A larger event of which this particular Observation is a component or step. For example, an observation as part of a procedure.

                    ShortPart of referenced event
                    Comments

                    To link an Observation to an Encounter use encounter. See the Notes below for guidance on referencing another Observation.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeReference(MedicationAdministration, MedicationDispense, MedicationStatement, Procedure, Immunization, ImagingStudy)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Alternate NamesContainer
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    36. Observation.status
                    Definition

                    The status of the result value.

                    Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
                    Comments

                    This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

                    Control1..1
                    BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatus
                    (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1)
                    Typecode
                    Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                    Must Supporttrue
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    38. Observation.category
                    Definition

                    A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                    ShortClassification of type of observation
                    Comments

                    In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

                    Control1..*
                    BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
                    (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

                    Codes for high level observation categories.

                    TypeCodeableConcept
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Must Supporttrue
                    Summaryfalse
                    Requirements

                    Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                    • value @ coding.code
                    • value @ coding.system
                    • 40. Observation.category:VSCat
                      Slice NameVSCat
                      Definition

                      A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                      ShortClassification of type of observation
                      Comments

                      In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

                      Control1..1
                      BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
                      (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

                      Codes for high level observation categories.

                      TypeCodeableConcept
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supporttrue
                      Summaryfalse
                      Requirements

                      Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      42. Observation.category:VSCat.id
                      Definition

                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                      Control0..1
                      Typestring
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                      Summaryfalse
                      44. Observation.category:VSCat.extension
                      Definition

                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                      Comments

                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                      • value @ url
                      • 46. Observation.category:VSCat.coding
                        Definition

                        A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                        ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                        Comments

                        Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                        Control1..*
                        TypeCoding
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Must Supporttrue
                        Summarytrue
                        Requirements

                        Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        48. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.id
                        Definition

                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                        Control0..1
                        Typestring
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                        Summaryfalse
                        50. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.extension
                        Definition

                        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                        ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                        Comments

                        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                        Control0..*
                        TypeExtension
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category.coding.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                        • value @ url
                        • 52. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.system
                          Definition

                          The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                          ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                          Comments

                          The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                          Control1..1
                          Typeuri
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                          Fixed Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          54. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.version
                          Definition

                          The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                          ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                          Comments

                          Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                          NoteThis is a business versionId, not a resource version id (see discussion)
                          Control0..1
                          Typestring
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Summarytrue
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          56. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.code
                          Definition

                          A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                          ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                          Control1..1
                          Typecode
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                          Fixed Valuevital-signs
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          58. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.display
                          Definition

                          A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                          ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                          Control0..1
                          Typestring
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          60. Observation.category:VSCat.coding.userSelected
                          Definition

                          Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                          ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                          Comments

                          Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                          Control0..1
                          Typeboolean
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          62. Observation.category:VSCat.text
                          Definition

                          A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                          ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                          Comments

                          Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                          Control0..1
                          Typestring
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements

                          The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          64. Observation.code
                          Definition

                          Heart Rate.

                          ShortHeart Rate
                          Comments

                          additional codes that translate or map to this code are allowed. For example a more granular LOINC code or code that is used locally in a system.

                          Control1..1
                          BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from VitalSigns
                          (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

                          This identifies the vital sign result type.

                          TypeCodeableConcept
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Must Supporttrue
                          Summarytrue
                          Requirements
                          1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] code, where the @code SHOULD be selected from ValueSet HITSP Vital Sign Result Type 2.16.840.1.113883.3.88.12.80.62 DYNAMIC (CONF:7301).
                          Alternate NamesName, Test
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          66. Observation.code.id
                          Definition

                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                          Control0..1
                          Typestring
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                          Summaryfalse
                          68. Observation.code.extension
                          Definition

                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                          Comments

                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                          Control0..*
                          TypeExtension
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summaryfalse
                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                          • value @ url
                          • 70. Observation.code.coding
                            Definition

                            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                            ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                            Comments

                            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                            Control1..*
                            TypeCoding
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Summarytrue
                            Requirements

                            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                            • value @ code
                            • value @ system
                            • 72. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode
                              Slice NameHeartRateCode
                              Definition

                              A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                              ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                              Comments

                              Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                              Control1..1
                              TypeCoding
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              74. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.id
                              Definition

                              Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                              ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                              Control0..1
                              Typestring
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                              Summaryfalse
                              76. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.extension
                              Definition

                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                              ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                              Comments

                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                              Control0..*
                              TypeExtension
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summaryfalse
                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                              • value @ url
                              • 78. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.system
                                Definition

                                The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                Comments

                                The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                Control1..1
                                Typeuri
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                Fixed Valuehttp://loinc.org
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                80. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.version
                                Definition

                                The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                Comments

                                Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                NoteThis is a business versionId, not a resource version id (see discussion)
                                Control0..1
                                Typestring
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                Summarytrue
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                82. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.code
                                Definition

                                A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                                ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                Control1..1
                                Typecode
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                Fixed Value8867-4
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                84. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.display
                                Definition

                                A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                Control0..1
                                Typestring
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                86. Observation.code.coding:HeartRateCode.userSelected
                                Definition

                                Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                Comments

                                Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                Control0..1
                                Typeboolean
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                88. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode
                                Slice NamePulseSNOMEDCode
                                Definition

                                A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                Comments

                                Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                Control0..1
                                TypeCoding
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                90. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.id
                                Definition

                                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                Control0..1
                                Typestring
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                Summaryfalse
                                92. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.extension
                                Definition

                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                Comments

                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                Control0..*
                                TypeExtension
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summaryfalse
                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                • value @ url
                                • 94. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.system
                                  Definition

                                  The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                  ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                  Comments

                                  The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                  Control1..1
                                  Typeuri
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                  Fixed Valuehttp://snomed.info/sct
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  96. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.version
                                  Definition

                                  The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                  ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                  Comments

                                  Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                  NoteThis is a business versionId, not a resource version id (see discussion)
                                  Control0..1
                                  Typestring
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  98. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.code
                                  Definition

                                  A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                                  ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                  Control1..1
                                  Typecode
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                  Fixed Value78564009
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  100. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.display
                                  Definition

                                  A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                  ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                  Control0..1
                                  Typestring
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  102. Observation.code.coding:PulseSNOMEDCode.userSelected
                                  Definition

                                  Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                  ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                  Comments

                                  Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                  Control0..1
                                  Typeboolean
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  104. Observation.code.text
                                  Definition

                                  A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                  ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                  Comments

                                  Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                  Control0..1
                                  Typestring
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  106. Observation.subject
                                  Definition

                                  The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

                                  ShortWho and/or what the observation is about
                                  Comments

                                  One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

                                  Control1..1
                                  TypeReference(Patient, no-basis-Patient)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Must Supporttrue
                                  Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  108. Observation.focus
                                  Definition

                                  The actual focus of an observation when it is not the patient of record representing something or someone associated with the patient such as a spouse, parent, fetus, or donor. For example, fetus observations in a mother's record. The focus of an observation could also be an existing condition, an intervention, the subject's diet, another observation of the subject, or a body structure such as tumor or implanted device. An example use case would be using the Observation resource to capture whether the mother is trained to change her child's tracheostomy tube. In this example, the child is the patient of record and the mother is the focus.

                                  ShortWhat the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
                                  Comments

                                  Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.

                                  Control0..*
                                  TypeReference(Resource)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  110. Observation.encounter
                                  Definition

                                  The healthcare event (e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction) during which this observation is made.

                                  ShortHealthcare event during which this observation is made
                                  Comments

                                  This will typically be the encounter the event occurred within, but some events may be initiated prior to or after the official completion of an encounter but still be tied to the context of the encounter (e.g. pre-admission laboratory tests).

                                  Control0..1
                                  TypeReference(Encounter)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

                                  Alternate NamesContext
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  112. Observation.effective[x]
                                  Definition

                                  Often just a dateTime for Vital Signs.

                                  ShortOften just a dateTime for Vital Signs
                                  Comments

                                  At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

                                  Control1..1
                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-1
                                  TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period
                                  [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Must Supporttrue
                                  Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

                                  Alternate NamesOccurrence
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  vs-1: if Observation.effective[x] is dateTime and has a value then that value shall be precise to the day ($this is dateTime implies $this.toString().length() >= 10)
                                  114. Observation.issued
                                  Definition

                                  The date and time this version of the observation was made available to providers, typically after the results have been reviewed and verified.

                                  ShortDate/Time this version was made available
                                  Comments

                                  For Observations that don’t require review and verification, it may be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself. For Observations that do require review and verification for certain updates, it might not be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself due to a non-clinically significant update that doesn’t require the new version to be reviewed and verified again.

                                  Control0..1
                                  Typeinstant
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  116. Observation.performer
                                  Definition

                                  Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

                                  ShortWho is responsible for the observation
                                  Control0..*
                                  TypeReference(Practitioner, PractitionerRole, Organization, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.performer. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                  • type @ type
                                  • 118. Observation.performer:Author
                                    Slice NameAuthor
                                    Definition

                                    Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

                                    ShortWho is responsible for the observation
                                    Control0..*
                                    TypeReference(Practitioner, PractitionerRole, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson, no-basis-Practitioner, no-basis-PractitionerRole)
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Summarytrue
                                    Requirements

                                    May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    120. Observation.performer:organization
                                    Slice Nameorganization
                                    Definition

                                    Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

                                    ShortWho is responsible for the observation
                                    Control0..*
                                    TypeReference(Organization, no-basis-Organization)
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Summarytrue
                                    Requirements

                                    May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    122. Observation.value[x]
                                    Definition

                                    Vital Signs value are recorded using the Quantity data type. For supporting observations such as Cuff size could use other datatypes such as CodeableConcept.

                                    ShortVital Signs value are recorded using the Quantity data type. For supporting observations such as Cuff size could use other datatypes such as CodeableConcept.
                                    Comments

                                    An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                    Control0..1
                                    This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7, vs-2
                                    TypeQuantity
                                    [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Must Supporttrue
                                    Summarytrue
                                    Requirements
                                    1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).
                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x]. The slices are unordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                    • type @ $this
                                    • 124. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity
                                      Slice NamevalueQuantity
                                      Definition

                                      The rate of the pulse , measured in beats per minute.

                                      ShortThe rate of the pulse, measured in beats per minute.
                                      Comments

                                      An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                      Control0..1
                                      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7, vs-2
                                      TypeQuantity
                                      [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Must Supporttrue
                                      Summarytrue
                                      Requirements
                                      1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      126. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.id
                                      Definition

                                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                      Control0..1
                                      Typestring
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                      Summaryfalse
                                      128. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.extension
                                      Definition

                                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                      Comments

                                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                      Control0..*
                                      TypeExtension
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Summaryfalse
                                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x].extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                      • value @ url
                                      • 130. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.value
                                        Definition

                                        The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                        ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                        Comments

                                        The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                        Control1..1
                                        Typedecimal
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Must Supporttrue
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        132. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.comparator
                                        Definition

                                        How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

                                        Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                        Control0..1
                                        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                        How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                        Typecode
                                        Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                        Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        134. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.unit
                                        Definition

                                        A human-readable form of the unit.

                                        ShortUnit representation
                                        Control1..1
                                        Typestring
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Must Supporttrue
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        136. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.system
                                        Definition

                                        The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                        ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                        Control1..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                        Typeuri
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Must Supporttrue
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                        Fixed Valuehttp://unitsofmeasure.org
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        138. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity.code
                                        Definition

                                        Coded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.

                                        ShortCoded responses from the common UCUM units for vital signs value set.
                                        Comments

                                        The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                        Control1..1
                                        Typecode
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Must Supporttrue
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                        Fixed Value/min
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        140. Observation.dataAbsentReason
                                        Definition

                                        Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

                                        ShortWhy the result is missing
                                        Comments

                                        Null or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "specimen unsatisfactory".

                                        The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Note that an observation may only be reported if there are values to report. For example differential cell counts values may be reported only when > 0. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for null or exceptional values.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-2
                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                                        Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Must Supporttrue
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        142. Observation.interpretation
                                        Definition

                                        A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                                        ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                                        Comments

                                        Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                                        Control0..*
                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

                                        Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                                        Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        144. Observation.note
                                        Definition

                                        Comments about the observation or the results.

                                        ShortComments about the observation
                                        Comments

                                        May include general statements about the observation, or statements about significant, unexpected or unreliable results values, or information about its source when relevant to its interpretation.

                                        Control0..*
                                        TypeAnnotation
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        Need to be able to provide free text additional information.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        146. Observation.bodySite
                                        Definition

                                        Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made (i.e. the target site).

                                        ShortObserved body part
                                        Comments

                                        Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

                                        If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.

                                        Control0..1
                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite
                                        (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite)
                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        148. Observation.bodySite.id
                                        Definition

                                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                        Control0..1
                                        Typestring
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        150. Observation.bodySite.extension
                                        Definition

                                        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                        ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                        Comments

                                        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                        Control0..*
                                        TypeExtension
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.bodySite.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                        • value @ url
                                        • 152. Observation.bodySite.coding
                                          Definition

                                          A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                          ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                          Comments

                                          Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                          Control0..*
                                          BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite
                                          (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsObservationPulseBodySite)
                                          TypeCoding
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summarytrue
                                          Requirements

                                          Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          154. Observation.bodySite.text
                                          Definition

                                          A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                          ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                          Comments

                                          Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                          Control0..1
                                          Typestring
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                          Summarytrue
                                          Requirements

                                          The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          156. Observation.method
                                          Definition

                                          Indicates the mechanism used to perform the observation.

                                          ShortHow it was done
                                          Comments

                                          Only used if not implicit in code for Observation.code.

                                          Control0..1
                                          BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod
                                          (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod)
                                          TypeCodeableConcept
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Requirements

                                          In some cases, method can impact results and is thus used for determining whether results can be compared or determining significance of results.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          158. Observation.method.id
                                          Definition

                                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                          Control0..1
                                          Typestring
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          160. Observation.method.extension
                                          Definition

                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                          Comments

                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                          Control0..*
                                          TypeExtension
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.method.extension. The slices are unordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                          • value @ url
                                          • 162. Observation.method.coding
                                            Definition

                                            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                            ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                            Comments

                                            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                            Control0..*
                                            BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod
                                            (extensible to http://hl7.no/fhir/ValueSet/NoDomainVitalSignsPulseMeasurmentMethod)
                                            TypeCoding
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            164. Observation.method.text
                                            Definition

                                            A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                            ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                            Comments

                                            Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                            Control0..1
                                            Typestring
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            166. Observation.specimen
                                            Definition

                                            The specimen that was used when this observation was made.

                                            ShortSpecimen used for this observation
                                            Comments

                                            Should only be used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. Observations are not made on specimens themselves; they are made on a subject, but in many cases by the means of a specimen. Note that although specimens are often involved, they are not always tracked and reported explicitly. Also note that observation resources may be used in contexts that track the specimen explicitly (e.g. Diagnostic Report).

                                            Control0..1
                                            TypeReference(Specimen)
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            168. Observation.device
                                            Definition

                                            The device used to generate the observation data.

                                            Short(Measurement) Device
                                            Comments

                                            Note that this is not meant to represent a device involved in the transmission of the result, e.g., a gateway. Such devices may be documented using the Provenance resource where relevant.

                                            Control0..1
                                            TypeReference(Device, DeviceMetric)
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            170. Observation.referenceRange
                                            Definition

                                            Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                                            ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                                            Comments

                                            Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeBackboneElement
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                                            172. Observation.referenceRange.id
                                            Definition

                                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                            Control0..1
                                            Typestring
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            174. Observation.referenceRange.extension
                                            Definition

                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                            ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                            Comments

                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeExtension
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                            176. Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension
                                            Definition

                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                            Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                            ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                            Comments

                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeExtension
                                            Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                            178. Observation.referenceRange.low
                                            Definition

                                            The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

                                            ShortLow Range, if relevant
                                            Control0..1
                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                            TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            180. Observation.referenceRange.high
                                            Definition

                                            The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

                                            ShortHigh Range, if relevant
                                            Control0..1
                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                            TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            182. Observation.referenceRange.type
                                            Definition

                                            Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

                                            ShortReference range qualifier
                                            Comments

                                            This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

                                            Control0..1
                                            BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes
                                            (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning)

                                            Code for the meaning of a reference range.

                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            184. Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo
                                            Definition

                                            Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

                                            ShortReference range population
                                            Comments

                                            This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

                                            Control0..*
                                            BindingFor example codes, see ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes
                                            (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto)

                                            Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            186. Observation.referenceRange.age
                                            Definition

                                            The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

                                            ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
                                            Control0..1
                                            TypeRange
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Some analytes vary greatly over age.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            188. Observation.referenceRange.text
                                            Definition

                                            Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                                            ShortText based reference range in an observation
                                            Control0..1
                                            Typestring
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            190. Observation.hasMember
                                            Definition

                                            Used when reporting vital signs panel components.

                                            ShortUsed when reporting vital signs panel components
                                            Comments

                                            When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeReference(QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence, Vital Signs Profile)
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            192. Observation.derivedFrom
                                            Definition

                                            The target resource that represents a measurement from which this observation value is derived. For example, a calculated anion gap or a fetal measurement based on an ultrasound image.

                                            ShortRelated measurements the observation is made from
                                            Comments

                                            All the reference choices that are listed in this element can represent clinical observations and other measurements that may be the source for a derived value. The most common reference will be another Observation.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeReference(DocumentReference, ImagingStudy, Media, QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence, Vital Signs Profile)
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            194. Observation.component
                                            Definition

                                            Used when reporting systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

                                            ShortUsed when reporting systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
                                            Comments

                                            For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeBackboneElement
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Must Supporttrue
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            vs-3: If there is no a value a data absent reason must be present (value.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
                                            196. Observation.component.id
                                            Definition

                                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                            Control0..1
                                            Typestring
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            198. Observation.component.extension
                                            Definition

                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                            ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                            Comments

                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeExtension
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                            200. Observation.component.modifierExtension
                                            Definition

                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                            Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                            ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                            Comments

                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeExtension
                                            Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                            202. Observation.component.code
                                            Definition

                                            Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

                                            ShortType of component observation (code / type)
                                            Comments

                                            All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                                            Control1..1
                                            BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from VitalSigns
                                            (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-vitalsignresult)

                                            This identifies the vital sign result type.

                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Must Supporttrue
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            204. Observation.component.value[x]
                                            Definition

                                            Vital Sign Value recorded with UCUM.

                                            ShortVital Sign Value recorded with UCUM
                                            Comments

                                            Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                            Control0..1
                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: vs-3
                                            BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from VitalSignsUnits
                                            (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/ucum-vitals-common|4.0.1)

                                            Common UCUM units for recording Vital Signs.

                                            TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
                                            [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Must Supporttrue
                                            Must Support TypesNo must-support rules about the choice of types/profiles
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements
                                            1. SHALL contain exactly one [1..1] value with @xsi:type="PQ" (CONF:7305).
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            206. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
                                            Definition

                                            Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

                                            ShortWhy the component result is missing
                                            Comments

                                            "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

                                            The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

                                            Control0..1
                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6, vs-3
                                            BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                                            (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                                            Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Must Supporttrue
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            208. Observation.component.interpretation
                                            Definition

                                            A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                                            ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                                            Comments

                                            Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                                            Control0..*
                                            BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                                            (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

                                            Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                                            Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            210. Observation.component.referenceRange
                                            Definition

                                            Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                                            ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                                            Comments

                                            Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeSee ttp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))